Water flow and salt transport in cracking clay soils of the Imperial Valley, California

The principles of irrigation and drainage in cracking soils differ markedly from non-cracking soils, and are not thoroughly understood. This paper presents a conceptual model to simulate water and salt flows in cracking soils of the Imperial Valley, CA, in the presence of ground water that contributes partially to ET demand of crops. A salt reactivity function is introduced in the model to account for mineral precipitation (salt deposition) and mineral dissolution (salt pick up). The conceptual water flow model assumes that surface irrigation water moves into the cracks, infiltrates horizontally to wet the soil profile and a fraction bypasses below the root zone into the shallow ground water and is retained for later crop extraction via upflow. Then, water drains vertically through the soil profile step by Irrig Drainage Syst (2006) 20:361–387 DOI 10.1007/s10795-006-9013-z W. W. Wallender (*) : K. K. Tanji Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail: [email protected] W. W. Wallender Department Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA J. R. Gilley Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA R. W. Hill Agricultural and Irrigation Engineering Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA J. M. Lord JM Lord Inc, Fresno, CA, USA C. V. Moore USDA ERS, Davis, CA, USA R. R. Robinson Coachella Valley Water District, Coachella, CA, USA E. C. Stegman Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, CA, USA step, and root water extractions are calculated. When ET exceeds available water upflow of ground water is calculated. Provision for reclamation leaching before the next crop is also made. The associated conceptual salt transport model involves complete mixing of invading and resident soil water. Salt concentration from ET is subjected to a salt reactivity function to obtain salt deposition of calcite and gypsum to obtain salt concentration after precipitation. This reactivity function is also used in the inverse when two or more waters mix to transform salt after precipitation to salt concentration after ET. The flow of salts follows the water transport algorithum. The model has been applied to a point in the Imperial Valley and observed data from Bali et al. (2001) was used for calibration. Simulated point data from four successive years of alfalfa, reclamation leaching, wheat and lettuce are evaluated in this paper.